柱子 表格 线图 饼图 流程地图
议论文（同意与否 双边分析 利弊分析） 报告文 开放类
线图 最简单的入手
分段：
- 1段改写：交代时间，地点，人物，事件=一句
格式： The presented（给出的）graph depicts（描绘了） great/slight variations（变化） in (描述的事物) in someplace + 时间（fromto；betweenand；over~years）
描述的事物=the [percentage/number（可数名词）/amount（不可数名词] + of sb/sth + doing(主动关系)/done(被动关系)
例句1：The presented graph depicts great variations(巨大的变化) in the amout of chicken,beef,lamb and fish in a European country over 25 years.
例句2：The presented graph depicts great variations in the percentage of people aged 65 and over in Japan,Sweden and the USA over 100 years.
例句3：The presented graph depicts great variations in the number of overseas visitors going to(to/attracted by) the coast, mountains and lakes in a European country from 1987 to 2007(over 2 decades).
作业1：The presented graph depicts great variations in the amount of electricity produced by using 4 different energy sources in France from 1980 to 2012./The presented graph depicts variations in the electricity production from 4 different energy sources in France over 32 years.
作业2：The presented graph depicts great variations in the number of dollars spent on research into renewable energy in Switzerland, Denmark, Spain and the UK between 1975 to 2000.
作业3：The presented graph depicts great variations in the amount of energy consumed in the USA over half a century.
作业4：The presented graph depicts great variations in the percentages of households having different numbers of cars in Britain between 1971 and 2007.
总结：
-
The presented graph
-
depict(s) changes/variations in
-
the percentage/number/amount of sb/std+doing/done/prep
-
in someplace
-
(time)between...and.../from...to.../over...
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2段（总结段、结论段）：80%的共性+老大（鸡肉成为最大的肉类，而其他三种肉类的消费量都下降了）
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3、4、5段：细节段（具体数据）
小作文：4-5个段落
开头段：一句话
总结段：两句话——大部分数据共性（变化）+终点最大值
Overall,it is apparent from the information supplied that……
细节段：2-3个段落=具体数据（起点、终点、最高点、最低点、相交点）
细节1 起点排序（不是必需的）（从大到小、从起点到终点）
in 开始时间 , 牛肉最受欢迎，大约；鸡肉和羊肉相似，大约；而鱼只有；
细节2 都下降
在给出的时间里，牛肉和羊肉都有剧烈的下降，分别到了100克和60克。与此同时，鱼肉也下降了，但程度不如牛羊猛烈，到了只有40
细节3 上升
However，鸡肉的消费量剧烈上升，超越牛肉的消费量in 1989，最后封顶在大约250g。
例题2
The presented
Overall,美国的能源消耗预计会不断上升，并且美国将继续主要依赖不可再生的化石能源
分段 按照数据大小地位来分段
细节1 petrol
细节2 gas coal
细节3 solar/hydro/nuclear power
细节1 petrol
petrol and oil 最重要的能源,35 quadrillion units用掉了
从1995开始稳步上升，最后到达48在2030
细节2 gas+coal
接下来的35年小幅度波动
细节3 nuclear/hydro/wind/solar
开始三个相等在3，预计小幅度小幅度上升，而稳定到最后
升降 大小 时间点
分段方式：每个时间点砍一刀
细节1 2000年 过去
In 1940,美国的老龄人口百分比是最高的9%，对比而言日本最低5%，中间瑞典7%。接下来的60年里，瑞美上升到解决15%，而日本的数据一直保持在5%以下。
或者in 1940,美国9%，比瑞典高出2%，这两数据上升到15%在2000年。与此同时，日本的数据从5%in 1940下降到3%in 1960，保持平稳了30年，在开始缓慢上升。
细节2 2000之后 将来 预计
预计，三个国家的老龄人口百分比都会上升，但是日本的~~上升更猛烈，在2030-2040超越欧美这两国家，最后封顶在28%
句式1：最值
(1)in 年份，the percentage/number/amount of sb/sth doing/done/pre was (by far) the highest/largest of all at/about/around/roughly/approximately 数据 in 年份
The amount of beef consumed was (by far) the largest of all at about 220 grams.
The amount of petrol and oil consumed was by far the largest of all at just 35 quaddrillion units.
The percentage of population aged 65 and over in the USA was by far the highest of all at roughly 9%.
In 1987,the number of visitors to the coast was by far the largest of all at just 40 thousand.
(2)With sb/sth + doing/done/prep
Beef was by far the most popular meat,with about 220 grams eaten
Oil was by far the most major energy,with 35qt consumed.
Coast was the most popular place,with 40 thousand visitors attracted.
Destination 旅游目的地
People aged 65 and over accounted for as high as 9% of the whole population in the USA
(3)国家、人做主语
People in this country ate as many as 220 grams of beef in 1979.
美国有高达百分之9的65岁以上老人
The USA had the highest percentage of people aged 65 and over(9%)
The USA had as high as 9% of people aged 65 and over.
(4)钱 go on 项目
35% of household income went on food//drink in most countries.
(5)there be
there were as many as 220 grams of beef eaten per person per week in
句式2：最值，比高，多，多少倍
句式3：最大，最小，中间是~
句式4：相等，相似
句式5：上升，下降，波动，不变
句式6：上升，超越，封顶
句式7：都上升，幅度不如、比猛烈
开头段:
The presented graph depicts variations in the percentage/amount/number of sb/std doing/done/prep in sp over ~ years.
总结段：##
overall,(it is apparent from the information supplied that ~)大部分数据的共性(都上升/下降，相反的变化，不同的变化；变化幅度都大/小)+最后的最大值
细节段：2-3个
分段方式：升降，数据大小，时间点
数据原则：定位（起点，重点，最值，相交），从起点到终点，从最大到最小，详略结合，定性+定量
句式1 最值：
In 起点,The percentage of sb/std+doing/done/prep was by far the highest lowest of all at about 数据
In 起点,The number/amount of sb/std+doing/done/prep was by far the largest/smallest lowest of all at about/approximately/roughly 数据
第二种：项目名称=线的名字+最
Beef was by far the most popular meat,with about 220 grams eaten
The coast was by far the most preferred destination,with just 40 thousand attracted.
Petrol and oil were by far the most consumed = petrol and oil were the dominant energy,with 35 qt used.
People aged 65 and over in the USA accounted for as high as 9% of the whole population in the USA.
senior citizens = the elderly
People aged 65 and over in the USA
第三种：人，国家
People ate as many as 225 grams of beef ~
The USA had the highest percentage of people aged 65 and over(9%)
第四种：there be + sb/std + doing/done/prep
There were as many as 225 grams of beef eaten
第五种：钱 go on 项目 == sb spend 钱 on 项目
This school spent as high as 48% of school budget=预算 on teachers' salaries
As high as 48% of school budget went on teachers' salaries.
例题1：
Washing machine was by far the most popular/common/prevalent machine,with about 40% of households using them.
In 1920,the percentage of households with/using/owning/having washing machines was by far the highest of all at just 40%.
例题2：
The United Kingdom had the highest carbon dioxide emissions, with about 11 metric tonnes.
The amount of carbon dioxide emissions in United Kingdom was by far the largest of all at about 11 metric tonnes.
例题3：
In 1985,Canada had the largest amount of wheat exported,with about 20 million tonne.
The amount of wheat exported in Canada was by far the largest of all at about 20 million tonne.
In 1978, the percentage of cinema visitors aged between 14 and 24 was by far the highest of all at roughly 90%.
Cinema visitors aged between 14 and 24 accounted for as high as 90% of all visitors aged 14 and over.
(ranging in age from 14 to 50)
The country had the highest percentage of cinema visitors aged between 14 and 24 (90%).
In 1974,the quantities of goods transported by road was by far the largest of all at roughly 70 million tonnes.
Road transportation was by far the most important mode of transport in the UK,with roughly 70 million goods transported.
The UK had the largest number of goods transported by road(about 70 million tonnes).
goods == products/commodities/items/merchandise(商品【不可数】)
At 8:00,the number of passengers traveling by metro was by far the largest of all at just 400.
句式二：老大比老二高，多，几倍
all at roughly 9% in 1940,which was about 2% higher than that in Sweden.
The percentage of people aged 65 and over in the USA was by far the highest of
The amount of beef was by far the largest of all at roughly 220 grams in 1979,roughly 70 grams more than the that of lamb.
The amount of beef eaten was by far the largest of all at roughly 220 grams in 1979,which almost doubled that of lamb.
The percentage of people aged 65 and over in the USA was by far the highest of all at roughly 9% in 1940,which almost doubled the figure for Japan.
In 1987,the number of tourists to the coast was by far the largest of all at just 40 thousand ,which was exactly twice the figure for the mountain and(which was) about 30 thousand more than that(=the figure)for the lakes.
最大，as opposed to only 数据+介词+最小.
Between them stood the figure for ~/the figures for ... and ...
In 1987,the number of tourists to the coast was by far the largest of all at just 40 thousand ,compared with==as opposed to only 10 thousand to the lakes. Between them stood the figure for the mountains(20 thousand)
number/amount == quantity
a large quantity of
large quantities of
quality and quantity
交通方式、出行方式 means/modes of transport
carbon dioxide emission
production 生产
goods=items=commodities=merchandise
consume=consumer=consumption
people aged 65 and over = people aged between 14 and 24=people ranging in age from 15 to 50
句式4：相识、相等
A was/is exactly equal to B at 数据
A,B and C were/are more or less equal at 数据
There were/are almost no big differences in ...
the figures for A,B and C varied/vary slightly.
鸡肉和羊肉的消费量接近150克。
[Chicken was exactly equal to lamb at 150 grams.
There were almost no big differences in chicken and lamb.
The figures for chicken and lamb varied slightly.]
The consumption of chicken was more or less equal to that of lamb at roughly 150 grams.
The consumption of chicken and lamb was more or less equal at roughly 150 grams.
There were almost no big differences in the figures for chicken and lamb(150 grams),with the former 10 grams more than the latter.
The figures for chicken and lamb varied slightly,with them exactly equal at 150 grams.
The percentage/number/amount of sb/std was by far the largest/highest of all at 数据, as opposed to only 数据+介词+最小. between them stood the figures for C and D, with them/both equal at 数据 = with the former 差额 higher/more than the latter.
[The amount of carbon dioxide in United Kingdom was by far the largest of all at roughly 11 tonnes,as opposed to only 1 that in Portugal .Between them stood the figures for Sweden and Italy with former twice the latter.]
The amount of carbon dioxide emitted in the UK was by far the largest of all at roughly 11 metric tonnes,as opposed to only 1.5 metric tonnes in Portugal.Between them stood the figures for Sweden and Italy,with the former twice the latter=with the former doubling the latter.
作业：The quantity of goods transported by road was by far the largest of all at roughly 70 million tonnes,which almost doubled = which was almost twice the figures for water and rial = those of water ad rail.By contrast,this country had the smallest quantity of goods transported by pipeline
The quantity of goods transported by road was by far the largest of all at roughly 70 million tonnes,which was almost twice those of water and rail,and (which was)about 60 million tonnes more than that of pipeline.
The quantity of goods transported by road was by far the largest of all at roughly 70 million tonnes,which almost doubled = which was almost twice the figures for water and rail = those of water ad rail,as opposed to only 10 million tonnes by pipeline.Between them stood the figures for water and railwith them equal at 40 million tonnes.